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The reliability of the simulation was confirmed by comparing measured and estimated irradiances inside greenhouses covered with films having different haze factors. The light transmission patterns of diffuse films and solar radiation properties were incorporated. The structural and optical properties of the greenhouse components were applied in a 3D-framework combined with a ray-tracing module. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diffuse films on the improvement of the light profile and photosynthesis of tomatoes in greenhouses according to film diffuseness and regional solar radiation using ray-tracing simulation. Thus, versatile methods for evaluating the effect of diffuse films are required. However, quantifying the influence of diffuse films is challenging owing to the complicated optical interactions between climatic factors inside and outside greenhouses. The results of this study can provide conceptual insights into the design of light environments in plant factories.ĭiffuse fraction, which can be increased by using diffuse films, has been considered to influence light interception and photosynthesis of crops in greenhouses. Under a homogenous light distribution, the light intensity was optimal at approximately 360 µmol m −2 s −1 with an LUE of 6.5 g MJ −1. Under the various scenarios, shorter lighting distances induced more heterogenetic light distribution on plants and caused lower light interception. With decreasing planting density, the light interception of the central plant increased by approximately 18.7%, but that of neighboring plants decreased by approximately 5.5%. The light intensities and photosynthetic rates obtained by simulation showed good agreement with the measured values, with R 2 > 0.86. Under several scenarios modeling various factors affecting light environments, changes in light interception and LUE were interpreted. For evaluation of simulation reliability, measured light intensities and photosynthetic rates in a growth chamber were compared with those obtained by simulation at different planting densities. The crop architecture model was constructed by 3D scanning, and ray-tracing simulation was used to interpret light interception and photosynthesis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and interpret the light interception, photosynthetic rate, and LUE of lettuces under electrical lights using ray-tracing simulation. For efficient lighting, light use efficiency (LUE) should be considered as part of light environment design. In plant factories, light is fully controllable for crop production but involves a cost. The presented methodology can contribute to accurate analyses of plant light environment, plant physiological response, and plant growth modelling. The 3D-scanned plant model could accurately estimate the light interception and photosynthetic rate of the plants through optical simulation. At the whole-plant scale, the light interception and the subsequent photosynthetic rate in the low-accuracy model were 18% and 45 to 58% higher than those in the 3D-scanned model at light intensities of 700–2000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at the upper canopy. At the single leaf scale, the light interception was higher in the low-accuracy model than that in the 3D-scanned model due to self-shadings from higher curvature in the leaf surface. When using a low accuracy model that lacked the fine structural details of the plant, it was overestimated in light interception and photosynthetic rate compared to the 3D-scanned model that has high structural accuracy. 3D-scanned plant models with different structural accuracies were constructed, and the light interception and photosynthetic rate were analyzed at single leaf and whole-plant scales. This study aims to analyze and compare the effect of the accuracy of 3D structural models on light interception and photosynthesis. The light interception on the plant surface can be analyzed by three-dimensional (3D) plant model and optical simulation, but its accuracy is directly affected by the structural accuracy of the 3D model. Plant structure is a significant factor for influencing the light interception and photosynthesis of plants.